
A | PANAMA CITY -- Protesters blocked streets across Panama on Monday, demanding the government rescind a contract to continue copper mining in a biodiverse region.Teaching and construction unions led calls against the contract with environmentalists, saying continued development threatens forested land and crucial groundwater just 75 miles (120 kilometers) west of the capital, in the state of Colon.Across Panama City, peaceful protesters handed out fliers, but in some areas on the outskirts of the capital police met protesters with tear gas. In anticipation of the largest marches since a cost of living crisis last July, both the Department of Education and the University of Panama cancelled classes. The government used social media to highlight the “enormous contribution” the mine — Panama's largest private investment ever — makes to the country's economy.In March, Panama's legislature reached an agreement with Canadian mining company First Quantum, allowing its local subsidiary, Minera Panama, to continue operating a huge open-pit copper mine in central Panama for at least 20 more years. The mine was temporarily closed last year when talks between the government and First Quantum broke down over payments the government wanted to receive.Protests began after President Laurentino Cortizo signed off on that contract on Friday after it was approved by the congress.The president acted surreptitiously, according to Fernando Abrego, leader of Panama's Association of Teachers union. “The government decided this confrontation by quickly and expeditiously approving a contract they know is rejected by the people,” he said.Teachers were joined by construction workers, who are one of country's most powerful labor groups. “The people are in the streets in defense of sovereignty," said union leader Saúl Méndez, "in the face of a contract that cedes self-determination by devastating the environment to steal resources.”It is unclear how persuasive these arguments will prove against the economic boon of a single mining site that already brings in 3% of the nation’s gross domestic product. Minera Panama says the mine will employ thousands of Panamanians and that its shipments make 80% of the country's total exports.The new contract, initially slowed by labor disagreements, secures Panama at least $375 million a year from Minera Panama, over 10 times more than the previous deal. It represents one of the largest national mining contracts in a region where other countries like Costa Rica regulate the sector more stringently and El Salvador which banned metal mining in 2017. For teachers, however, Abrego said concession was not an option, and that the teachers' union would hold an assembly to plan their next actions. “We will remain in the streets,” he said.。 其中,7个超大城市分别是上海、北京、深圳、重庆、广州、成都和天津。位居第一的上海城区人口为1987.3万人,接近2000万大关;分列二、三位的北京和深圳城区人口也都超过了1700万人。

B | 14个特大城市分别是武汉、东莞、西安、杭州、佛山、南京、沈阳、青岛、济南、长沙、哈尔滨、郑州、昆明、大连。

C | 其中,2020年武汉城区人口已经达到了995.3万人,是距离超大城市门槛最近的特大城市。随着我国人口加速向大都市圈流动,未来城区人口超过千万的超大城市将越来越多。14个Ⅰ型大城市分别是南宁、石家庄、厦门、太原、苏州、贵阳、合肥、乌鲁木齐、宁波、无锡、福州、长春、南昌、常州。其中,南宁、石家庄、厦门、太原、苏州距离特大城市的门槛较近,是我国特大城市的主要后备军。71个Ⅱ型大城市则包括了5个省会城市、62个普通地级市和4个县级市。

D | 4个县级市分别是江苏的昆山、浙江的义乌和慈溪、福建的晋江,全部来自东南沿海地区。从数量上看,这些县级市的城区人口规模已经超过了全国约四分之三的地级市。义乌更是成为全国唯一一个城区人口规模超过所在地级市的县级市。未来还有多个城市城区人口有望超过百万大关,进入到大城市行列。

E | 第一财经记者梳理发现,包括泰州、瑞安、嘉兴、平顶山、安阳、曲靖的城区人口均超过了97万,其中安阳市更是达到了99.1万人,平顶山市也达到了99万人,嘉兴市达到了98.8万人。同我国的人口分布一样,106个大城市也主要是分布在“胡焕庸线”以东。从大的区域来看,东部地区共有54个,占比达51%;中部地区和西部地区各有21个;东北地区共有10个。分省份来看,第二经济大省江苏最多,达到11个,包括10个设区市和昆山这个县级市,其省会城市南京的城区人口达791.5万人,处于特大城市行列。江苏的大城市为何最多?中国社科院城市发展与环境研究中心研究员牛凤瑞对第一财经分析,江苏地理面貌以平原为主,人口密度大,加上经济发达,吸引了大量人口流入,尤其是苏南地区的城市人口增长快。另一方面,江苏原有的城市化和工业化水平比较高,基础比较好。

F | 江苏之后,第一经济大省广东和第三经济大省山东各有10个。其中,广东的10个城市中,有8个位于珠三角。广东拥有深圳和广州两个城区人口超千万的超大城市,以及东莞和佛山两个特大城市。广东省体制改革研究会执行会长彭澎对第一财经分析,珠三角经济发达,就业岗位特别多,吸引了大量的人口流入,在珠三角有限的空间下,也容易形成大城市。
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