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Exclusive: 'Super map’ rewrites moon’s geo-clock, ‘an important foundation for humanity to explore deep space,’ project scientists tell GT_我的网站

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    China's new geological map of the moon Photo: Courtesy of Institute of Geology under the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS)
A massive new geological map of the moon, measuring about 2.8 meters long and 1.2 meters high, has recently made its debut in China, offering one of the most comprehensive portraits yet of the lunar surface and its billions of years of geological evolution.
Compiled by the Institute of Geology under the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), together with the Institute of Geochemistry under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin University, Shandong University and China University of Geosciences (Beijing), the 1:5,000,000-scale Geological Map of the moon marks 13,519 impact craters, 81 impact basins, 14 types of geological structures and 17 rock types, and includes detailed inset maps of the lunar north and south poles.
More than simply a new rendering of the lunar surface, the map incorporates the latest findings from China's Chang'e lunar exploration program. Scientists involved in the project told the Global Times in exclusive interviews that the new map recalibrates key boundaries in the moon's geological chronology, updates the distribution of important lunar rock types and establishes a more systematic framework for interpreting the moon's evolution.
"The Chang'e-5 and Chang'e-6 missions have successively returned samples from the moon's near and far side, producing findings that have significantly changed our understanding of lunar evolution," Ding Xiaozhong, a researcher at the Institute of Geology under CAGS and a core member of the mapping team, told the Global Times.
Samples showed that volcanic activity on the moon continued until about 2 billion years ago - roughly one billion years later than previously thought under the conventional framework. Meanwhile, observations and samples from the lunar far side have provided new information about the composition and magmatic history of the moon's deep interior, Ding said.
"These new discoveries created an urgent need for a new and systematic geological map that could integrate the latest data and research results and establish an updated framework for understanding lunar geology," he noted.
The 1:5,000,000 scale was chosen with practical applications in mind. Compared with China's more detailed 1:2,500,000 lunar geological atlas released in 2024, the new map provides a more condensed, global view of the Moon, enabling researchers to quickly identify major geological relationships while also making it suitable for education, popular science and the early-stage planning of exploration missions.
Jin Ming, an associate researcher at the Institute of Geology under CAGS, told the Global Times that the project also represents an important step toward establishing a mature Chinese standard for planetary geological mapping. Its newly designed symbols, legends and color system have been certified as a group standard by the Geological Society of China, filling a gap in China's standardized rules for planetary geological mapping.
Although the latest project formally began in 2022 and took about four years to complete, Ding and Jin said its scientific foundations stretch back decades. Data accumulation and methodology development began with China's early lunar exploration missions, particularly after Chang'e-1 started returning scientific data. Several generations of Chinese planetary geologists have since developed a comprehensive system for lunar geological interpretation, remote-sensing data processing and map compilation.
One of the toughest challenges was bringing together enormous quantities of remote-sensing data obtained by different instruments, Jin said. Different payloads aboard the Chang'e probes produced data with varying resolutions and spectral characteristics, requiring specially developed algorithms as well as extensive manual verification to place them under a unified mapping standard.
"We had to make the different datasets compatible under the same system while striking a balance between scientific completeness and visual clarity - avoiding information overload without losing critical geological clues," Jin said.
China previously released the world's first 1:2,500,000-scale high-precision lunar geological atlas in 2024. The newly completed 1:5,000,000 map is therefore not simply a reduced-scale copy, the scientists stressed, but a scientific update incorporating newly available data and revised interpretations of lunar chronology, lithology and geological evolution.
China's new lunar geological map has achieved an all-round improvement over previous versions and is now at the international forefront, Ding said. 
We are the only country to have exclusive access to directly measured sampling data from the Chang'e-5 and Chang'e-6 missions. By using age anchors from lunar samples independently obtained by China to calibrate the geological chronology, this new data source and calibration system represents a core advantage of China."
Like Earth, which is divided into geological periods such as the Cambrian and Jurassic, the Moon also has a geological timescale. One of the most significant tasks behind the new map was to recalibrate that "lunar clock."
According to Jin, the recalibration draws on two major sources - the latest international isotopic dating results, including updated measurements of Apollo samples and lunar meteorites, and the precise age obtained from Chang'e-5 samples.
The latter provided an especially important chronological anchor. Radiometric dating of Chang'e-5 basalt has placed its age at roughly 2 billion years, demonstrating that lunar volcanism persisted far later than had once been assumed and substantially changing scientists' picture of the moon's late-stage thermal evolution.
Based on the updated evidence, the team refined the starting ages of several ancient lunar periods, including the Aitkenian, Nectarian and Imbrian periods, to approximately 4.33 billion, 4.17 billion and 3.92 billion years ago, respectively.
More significantly, the researchers used the 2-billion-year age boundary to divide the Eratosthenian into an early and a late epoch. The team said this marks the first time an age boundary derived from samples independently collected by China has been incorporated into such a detailed Chinese lunar geological chronology.
"The moon's story itself has not changed, but its timeline has," Jin said. "We once thought that major lunar volcanism had essentially cooled down about 3 billion years ago. Now we know that the Moon remained volcanically active until at least about 2 billion years ago. That means the thermal evolution of the lunar interior and many of the causal relationships in its later history need to be re-examined."
Ding highlighted a newly mapped rock type in the South Pole-Aitken Basin - gabbronorite - identified with the help of the latest Chang'e-4 and Chang'e-6 exploration results. 
The vast basin on the lunar far side is one of the moon's largest and oldest impact crater.
"This is like being able to directly see material from deeper inside the moon," Ding said. "Previously, much of this could only be inferred from remote-sensing observations. With Chang'e-4 in-situ exploration and Chang'e-6's returned samples, we now have much stronger evidence for identifying its existence and distribution."
Another important revision concerns KREEP, a lunar geochemical component enriched in potassium, rare-earth elements and phosphorus and commonly associated with elevated concentrations of radioactive heat-producing elements such as thorium and uranium.
According to Ding, earlier models suggested that KREEP-rich material was concentrated in a relatively limited area. Higher-resolution data used in the new mapping project indicate a broader and more continuous distribution than previously thought, suggesting that its abundance may have been underestimated.
Ding said the finding is scientifically important not only for assessing potentially resource-rich lunar materials, but also because the distribution of KREEP provides clues to the crystallization of the early lunar magma ocean, the thickness of the lunar crust and the moon's internal thermal evolution.
The map's colors also carry geological meaning. The team follows a principle of "lighter for younger, darker for older": relatively young Copernican impact materials are depicted in bright pale yellow, ancient Aitkenian impact materials in deep purplish red, while mare basalts are represented in varying shades of blue.
"The color system combines the logic of geological evolution with elements of traditional Chinese color aesthetics, giving China's lunar geological maps a distinctive scientific and visual identity," Ding said.
Beyond basic science, the researchers said the new geological map can serve as a strategic base map for China's future lunar exploration, including subsequent Chang'e missions and planning related to the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS).
A refined geological chronology can help scientists understand the age and modification history of candidate regions; updated rock mapping can identify areas of particular scientific or resource interest; and the global-scale representation allows mission planners to compare broad regions before moving to higher-resolution site studies.
Asked whether the map could directly support the Chang'e-7 and Chang'e-8 missions, Jin stressed that its role is primarily strategic rather than tactical.
"The 1:5,000,000 geological map is a global-scale foundational map. It can be used for broad comparisons of potential landing regions and for evaluating their overall geological context," Jin said. "Precise landing-site selection and detailed rover-route planning, however, require higher-resolution regional geological maps. The two work together, moving progressively from the global scale to finer regional scales."
The scientists also stressed that the map is intended to be shared with the international scientific community. Digital versions are expected to be released through professional publications and public scientific databases, while the standardized symbols and mapping rules could facilitate exchanges with other planetary geological mapping systems.
Ding said significant room remains for international cooperation, from comparing and translating different geological mapping standards to joint studies of the evolution of the lunar far side and the origin of the ancient South Pole-Aitken Basin.
"China possesses unique exploration data and returned lunar samples, which provide a strong foundation for cooperation," Ding said, adding that planetary science, scientific training and deep-space exploration technologies all offer potential areas for expanded exchanges.
"A precise geological map of the moon is an important foundation for humanity to explore deep space and understand the universe," Jin said.
The latest map, he noted, is not an endpoint. As China proceeds with subsequent lunar exploration missions and acquires new observations and samples, the geological picture of the Moon will continue to be refined.
"Future exploration will allow us to keep updating our understanding of lunar geology," Jin said. "At the same time, we hope these results can contribute to broader international scientific cooperation and to humanity's exploration of the moon."
。    2          0          2          4          儿童·游戏·质量          落实评估指南 提升保教质量                    导 语          冬日暖阳洒满园，智慧交融促成长。2024年12月3日上午，以“儿童·游戏·质量——平衡教与学的关系，赋能儿童可持续发展”为主题的京深交流活动在深圳市第三幼儿园顺利举办。本次活动邀请北京师范大学教育学部李敏谊教授、教育科学出版社学前教育分社孙冬梅主编莅临指导，北京市朝阳区教育委员会团队、新疆阜康市幼儿园团队共80余人参与活动，大家通过观摩交流和专题分享，共研学前教育高质量发展的实践路径。                             一          现场观摩，共享教育智慧                              在深圳市第三幼儿园园长邱雪华的陪同下，李敏谊教授与参会团队参观总、分园环境。三幼一直致力于营造包容、和谐、生态且可持续的成长环境，强调儿童在环境创设中的参与。参观过程中，专家和同行们感受到可持续发展教育的理念浸润于幼儿的一日生活中，并对充满自然生态和文化韵味的环境氛围给予了高度评价，对课程与环境深度融合的实践样态表示认可。

二 |          ✦          •          ✦          ✦          左右滑动，查看更多          ✦          ✦          •          ✦          ✦          左右滑动，查看更多          ✦          ✦          •          ✦          ✦          左右滑动，查看更多          ✦                                        二          京深交流，共话成长                    HALLOWEEN          万圣节快乐                    专题分享环节由深圳市第三幼儿园保教主任陈丽主持。

三 | 陈丽老师首先对到场专家及参会人员表示欢迎，并希望借此交流活动能够建立深厚的友谊，共创幼有善育的美好样态。                    园长致辞          邱园长在致辞中提到了赋权儿童、赋能教师以提升幼儿园保教质量的实践初心，也特别感谢北京师范大学教育学部李敏谊教授，在三幼课程发展和迭代的的过程中，始终悉心指引，相伴左右。这次活动，希望大家聚焦儿童参与、游戏与质量发展等关键话题，在交流合作中丰富视野，加强对话。                   专家致辞及赠牌仪式          北京青年政治学院附属幼儿园总园长赵飞对深圳市第三幼儿园的环境创设与教育理念给予了高度评价。赵飞园长表示，京深两地应以此次交流为契机，紧密围绕“学前教育的高质量发展”这一目标，进一步深化合作，共探实践发展的教育新样态。         图为赵飞园长致辞及郝颖副院长为三幼赠牌。                   三          专题分享 ，聚焦可持续发展教育                    课程分享          01          课程分享一：赋权儿童，赋能教师—幼儿园可持续发展教育课程的实践探索                    三幼教研组长李静老师分享了幼儿园可持续发展教育课程的发展历程和实践经验，从可持续性的环境创设到变革性的项目式学习，从家园社合作到教师队伍的建设，课程成效显著，勾勒出提升儿童福祉、实现“幼有善育”的三幼样态。

四 |                    02          课程分享二：如何支持幼儿玩乐中学习——以中班项目“这是谁的宝贝？”为例                              兰雅聪老师以中班项目“这是谁的宝贝”为例，重点介绍了教师如何运用马赛克方法支持儿童“百种语言”的表达，并通过倾听和分析，立足幼儿的学习与发展，进行专业决策，反思适宜性的支持策略，平衡教与学的关系，凸显了游戏、项目、生活灵活融合，真正促进幼儿“在玩乐中学习与发展”。                   03          课程分享三：幼儿游戏背后的教师决策—以大班项目“深圳马拉松”为例                              刘禹茜老师聚焦教师如何在支持儿童游戏中的进行专业决策，结合“深圳马拉松”项目中的关键性事件和教师的阶段性思考，展示了教师如何通过观察与反思推动高质量的师幼互动，提升过程性评价的效果，助力教师与幼儿的共同成长。                   四          展望未来，促进高质量发展                    在互动交流环节中，专家与园长们针对可持续发展教育、项目式学习等主题展开了热烈讨论。活动尾声，邱雪华园长表示：未来，深圳市第三幼儿园将继续加强与北京市朝阳区、新疆阜康市幼教同行的合作，秉持对话、开放、共享的理念，以交流促提升，立足长远发展，共同奏响学前教育高质量发展的新乐章。                             文字：王雨嫣          图片：深圳市第三幼儿园          排版：蔡庆斌          初审：陈丽          终审：邱雪华。

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